Now that the British Foot and Mouth Disease outbreak is behind us, it is easy for those of us in FMD-free areas to slip back into bad habits. But take a moment to consider how many other diseases are endemic in your area. Then think about how devastating an outbreak of any one of these diseases could be.
For producers in the United States, contagious disease threats include brucellosis, Type II BVD, coronavirus, E. coli, hairy heel warts, IBR, Johne’s disease (paratuberculosis), leukosis, mycoplasma mastitis, Neospora, leptospirosis, Pasteurella haemolytica, rotavirus, salmonellosis, Staph. aureus, Strep. agalactiae, trichomoniasis, tuberculosis, vibriosis (Campylobacter). If you don’t have these diseases in your herd, proper biosecurity procedures will keep them out. If you are working to eradicate these problems from your herd, a strong biosecurity program will compliment eradication efforts and prevent re-introduction.
The Biosecurity module at Milkproduction.com contains information and assessment tools geared towards general biosecurity issues, as well as specific links to FMD resource sites. In part 1 of this article, general biosecurity recommendations for different transmission scenarios will be discussed. The subsequent articles will discuss specific considerations to protect herds from avoidable exposure to economically important diseases.
Unfortunately, many biosecurity plans start and end with obvious farm visitors. Touring farmers and agribusiness personnel are the usual control points. Purchased cows, heifers, and breeding bulls are also well recognized as potential disease carriers. To truly protect your herd from disease risks requires going beyond the obvious.
Keep in mind that ANYONE and ANYTHING that visits your farm could expose your animals to disease. The areas that many people overlook are the “invisible” visitors; cows returning from shows or exhibitions, heifers returning from a heifer grower or pasture, dry cows returning from summer pasture, wildlife, pests, free-roaming or farm-based cats and dogs, employees who have animals at home, and the neighbor who stops in to visit and ends up helping to move cows or deliver a calf.
The first consideration in developing a biosecurity plan for your farm is potential avenues of exposure to disease organisms. The table below lists a variety of infectious diseases, their route of transmission and some key control points. The next consideration is which diseases are present in your area. Don’t forget that your heifer grower, bull source, or satellite herd might have different disease and/or exposure risks.
Another point to consider is the issue of visitors from countries that have ongoing FMD or other disease problems that aren’t present in your area. This includes some countries with strong dairy industries, like Saudi Arabia and parts of South America. Frequently, producers and agribusiness from these countries travel to learn about other management systems or to purchase breeding stock. Just because a particular disease isn’t a problem in your area, doesn’t mean your cattle can’t be exposed to it.
| Transmission Method |
Diseases |
Potential Exposure Sites
|
| Air |
IBR
Pasteurella haemolytica |
New or returning cows
Pastures which adjoin those of another herd
Cattle shows |
| Milk |
Staph.aureus
Strep. agalactiae
Mycoplasma mastitis |
Milking parlors – yours or at cattle shows
Poor sanitation during mastitis or dry cow treatment |
| Blood |
|
Leukosis Needles
Obstetrical equipment
Surgical equipment |
| Ingestion |
Johne’s disease |
New born calves which remain with mature cows
Equipment or personnel tracking manure into feed bunks, feed storage, or silage storage. |
| Cow to cow |
Mycoplasma
BVD
Leptospirosis
Trichomoniasis
Vibriosis (Campylobacter)
Brucellosis
Tuberculosis
Hairy heel warts
Salmonellosis
E. coli Rotavirus
Coronavirus |
New cows in herd
Infected cows within the herd
Heifers returning to herd
Breeding with bulls
AI equipment/technique
Needles
Obstetrical equipment
Surgical equipment
Hoof trimming equipment
Cattle trailers |
| Contact with other animals |
Neospora (dogs, coyotes)
Brucellosis (deer, elk, bison)
Salmonellosis (birds, rodents)
E. coli (many) |
Pastures
Remote dry lots
Domestic animals in barns or pastures
Wildlife entering barns or feed storage
Feed mill biosecurity |
Use the above information to decide which diseases and which exposure risks apply to your herd, check the materials in the Milkproduction.com Biosecurity module, and start finetuning your biosecurity plan now.
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